Saturday, January 11, 2014

[batavia-news] Orphans of the Sahara: Return

 

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Orphans of the Sahara: Return

With the fall of Gaddafi, thousands of Tuaregs return to Mali and Niger and launch their fight for an independent state.

Last updated: 09 Jan 2014 19:58
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In late 2011, thousands of Tuareg workers and fighters, many of them mercenaries for slain Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, return to their Saharan homeland in Niger and Mali.

Having lost access to the country that was their only source of livelihood, they find little more than crushing poverty, hunger and drought back home.

Barely able to feed their children amidst total state neglect, the men launch a rebellion to found their own country.

 This episode of Orphans of the Sahara can be seen from January 9, 2014, at the following times GMT: Thursday: 2000; Friday: 1200; Saturday: 0100; Sunday: 0600; Monday: 2000; Tuesday: 1200; Wednesday: 0100.

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[batavia-news] Indonesia's law on ore exports takes effect

 

 

Indonesia's law on ore exports takes effect

Government bans export of unprocessed minerals in bid to create jobs by having them processed domestically.

Last updated: 11 Jan 2014 23:22
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Indonesia will likely allow US mining giants to continue to ship billions of dollars worth of copper overseas [Reuters]
 

An Indonesian law banning the export of unprocessed minerals took effect on Sunday, a measure aiming to add value to mineral exports and create jobs by having them processed domestically.

The announcement that the law would take effect came late Saturday following days of intense negotiations involving government officials, entrepreneurs and experts to explore ways to minimise the impact of the ban.

"The President has signed a decree stipulating that beginning January 12, all raw mineral or ores are banned from being exported," Hatta Rajasa, the coordinating economic minister, said after a limited cabinet meeting led by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at his private residence in the southern outskirts of the capital Jakarta.

He did not mention any exemptions but said the decision took into account concerns about preventing mass layoffs, promoting regional economic development and enabling local mining companies to continue operating.

He added that a number of regulations will be issued by related ministries regarding implementing the ban.

Domestic processing

The ban is mandated by a Mining Law passed by Parliament in 2009 which included a provision that mineral ores must be processed at smelters in Indonesia starting on January 12, 2014.

Mining companies, including PT Freeport Indonesia and PT Newmont Nusa Tenggara, have warned that they will have to lay off thousands of their workers if the law was imposed without exemptions.

"If the ban on export is imposed on January 12, Freeport will only be able to process 40 percent of its production," said Daisy Primayanti, a spokeswoman for Freeport Indonesia, which operates a giant US-owned mine in Indonesia's Papua Province.

"One of the impacts is a reduction in the number of employees."

Minister of Mines and Energy Jero Wacik said related ministries will soon issue regulations detailing provisions of the ban, including export tax rates and the minimum level of concentrate allowed for exports.

The ministry has proposed a three-year exemption that would allow companies to export unprocessed minerals until 2017 provided they make a commitment to build their smelters in Indonesia.

It was intended to protect hundreds of small mining companies from going out of business.

Marius Toime, a partner at the international law firm Berwin Leighton Paisner, said the law might cause other problems because it would reduce revenues from export taxes which may result in a widening current account deficit for the government.

"This deficit, combined with the legal uncertainty around the ban's ramifications, has already undermined investor confidence," Toime said.

He added that it is not economically feasible for small Indonesian mining companies to develop refining capacity.

The government has estimated that the ban will cut government revenue by about 10 trillion rupiah ($833m) this year due to declines in export taxes and royalties.

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[batavia-news] In Pictures: Orphans of the Sahara

 

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In Pictures
In Pictures: Orphans of the Sahara
Al Jazeera chronicles the Tuareg struggle for an independent homeland.
Last updated: 10 Jan 2014 07:20
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The Tuareg are the indigenous people of the Sahara desert.

They are one of the poorest and most isolated peoples in the world - and one of the most militarised.

They are an army of the poor in a land of astounding natural wealth; an animal-herding people in a dying world of drought.

For decades, many Tuareg men have left their homes in search of work in neighbouring countries. Thousands ended up in Libya, as workers and fighters, and many as mercenaries for slain Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi.

In late 2011, after Gaddafi's death, thousands of them returned to their Saharan homeland in Niger and Mali.

But having lost access to the country that was their only source of livelihood, they came home to find little more than crushing poverty, hunger and drought.

Barely able to feed their children amidst total state neglect, the men launched a rebellion to found their own country - for which they had already chosen a flag and an old Tuareg name: Azawad.

But the Tuaregs would not be the only ones to emerge from a collapsing Libya with a lot of guns, and a plan. Al-Qaeda was also preparing for a fight.

To follow the story, watch Al Jazeera's three-part series Orphans of the Sahara


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[batavia-news] Armenian Slaughtered for Refusing to Renounce Christ

 

 

Armenian Slaughtered for Refusing to Renounce Christ

By on January 9, 2014 in Muslim Persecution of Christians
 

Following the other day's news that two Armenian families in Syria had been compelled to convert to Islam at the hands of the terrorist organization, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)—which, nonetheless, claimed that the conversions were done "willingly"—new information has emerged concerning the recent killing of a young Armenian man, Minas, for refusing to convert to Islam, again at the hands of ISIL.

He was reportedly killed in one of ISIL's dungeons in Aleppo, north Syria, which has a notable Armenian minority.

According to iNews, "Minas and his father were held in ISIL's prison for 115 days, according to one activist, and his accusation was that he refused to submit [to Islam, i.e., convert]."

iNews adds that activists from the region sent the above picture, saying it is of the slain Minas.  Other activists confirm that the picture is of a slain Armenian in Syria, but not of Minas.  In any case, the man appears to be wearing the garments of the Armenian Evangelical Church of Aleppo.

The same report mentions other Christian Armenians killed, including one who reportedly had "his head chopped off and placed in a biscuit box.

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[batavia-news] Jihad Leader Arrested Disguised as Woman in Syria

 

 

Jihad Leader Arrested Disguised as Woman in Syria

By on January 11, 2014 in From The Arab World
 
 

Yesterday, many Arabic-language Internet news websites posted the following pictures, purporting to be of the leader (or "emir") of the al-Qaeda linked al-Nusra ["Victory"] Front, which is in Syria waging jihad.  According to these reports, Abu Muhammad al-Jawlani had managed to pass several military checkpoints dressed as a woman, until he was arrested by the Syrian army in al-Jaswiya, al-Qusayr, in his attempt to flee to neighboring Lebanon: "He shaved his beard, worked his eyebrows, and put on mascara and lipstick till he looked exactly like a woman."

More on this — including how al-Jawlani would certainly not be the first jihadi leader to try to escape his enemies dressed as a woman — later.

 

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[batavia-news] Beribu-ribu buku anti-Islam terbakar

 

 

Beribu-ribu buku anti-Islam terbakar

 

Gambar fail yang diambil pada 5 Januari lalu merakamkan sebahagian buku yang terbakar di sebuah kedai di Tripoli, Lebanon. - AP

TRIPOLI, Lebanon 9 Jan. - Beribu-ribu buku termasuk risalah yang dipercayai mengandungi bahan anti-Islam musnah dalam satu kebakaran di sebuah kedai buku, di sini pada Sabtu lalu.

Kebakaran yang dicetuskan oleh sekumpulan lelaki bersenjata itu merupakan konflik keagamaan terbaharu yang kian meruncing di negara ini.

Kedai itu dilaporkan menjual sejumlah risalah mengandungi bahan anti-Islam yang ditulis oleh seorang paderi yang juga merangkap pemilik premis tersebut, Ibrahim Sarrouj.

Seorang saudara Sarrouj, Najat Bittar berkata, dua hari sebelum kejadian, seorang pekerjanya cedera ditembak oleh lelaki bersenjata.

"Sarrouj melaporkan kejadian itu kepada polis, sebelum dia ditahan untuk soal siasat tentang pembabitannya menghasilkan risalah mengandungi bahan anti-Islam," katanya.

Pihak berkuasa masih menyiasat tentang kebakaran itu.

Kejadian itu mendapat bantahan daripada penduduk tempatan yang mula bosan dengan keganasan yang berlaku.

Malah, ada penduduk Islam dan Kristian menawarkan bantuan bagi membaiki kedai buku berusia 40 tahun itu.

Seorang sukarelawan, Mutaz Salloum berkata, dia sedih apabila kedai buku yang menempatkan pelbagai bahan bacaan berharga itu menjadi sasaran terbaharu pihak yang tidak bertanggungjawab.

"Ramai yang tidak tahu kewujudan kedai itu, biarpun ia sudah lama beroperasi. Rakyat Lebanon sudah muak dengan konflik keagamaan yang berterusan dan kami tidak akan berdiam diri lagi," katanya. - AP

 

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[batavia-news] The dome - symbol of power

 

 

The dome - symbol of power

NIKI GAMM

Ottoman architecture was first seen in Bursa and Edirne in the 14th and 15th centuries. It was based on the earlier Seljuk architecture and heavily influenced by Iranian structures, the knowledge of which the Turks acquired on their way from Asia to Anatolia

Selimiye Mosque.

Selimiye Mosque.

A simple definition of a dome is "a hemispherical semi-eliptical roof, built of stone, timber, metal or glass." From early on in the Middle East and Southwest Asia it was a popular method of roofing in places where there was no timber. It was easy to build using mud bricks that either tilted slightly inwards or by placing layers of brick in circles that gradually became smaller. There have been a suggestion that the circular huts used by nomadic tribes may have had some impact. The Romans adopted the dome, as we see in the Pantheon in Rome, and the Byzantines used the dome to cover their monumental buildings.

Ernst J. Grube, in explicating what he thought Islamic architecture was, wrote the following about the dome: "The dome appears to be a general symbol, signifying power, the royal city, the focal point of assembly; it can therefore serve both religious and secular purposes. Its outward visible appearance does not truly help us to understand, interpret or identify any building."

The earliest domes were placed over the kibla which showed the direction to Mecca and lit this part of the mosque. It later moved to the central position over the prayer hall that it holds today. "The dome is, of course, a cosmic symbol in every religious tradition; and symbolically, in Islam the dome represents the vault of heaven in the same way as the garden prefigures Paradise," wrote James Dickie in his book "Allah and Eternity: Mosques, Madrasas and Tombs."

The Arabs built mosques or adapted local religious structures such as churches in the lands they conquered; however, for most of the 7th century, they were satisfied to have flat-roofed structures recreating the flat-roofed mosques of Medina and Mecca. The first domed building constructed by the Arabs was the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem (691). Since the use of wood in domes had been shown to be very practical in churches, timber was used in the Dome of the Rock. It made the structure lighter and more flexible but had to be covered with copper or lead to protect it from the weather. The use of small domes in Fatimid mosques in Egypt apparently was adopted from examples in the Maghreb. The dome became the dominant feature for mosques, although it was also used in palaces, in particular over audience chambers, and in other places such as schools, and hamams.

Although the earliest mosques in Anatolia date from the 11th century, it isn't until the 12th century that it became popular to place domes on mosques. The Ulucamis of Niksar and Kayseri and the Alaeddin Mosque in Konya (13th century) have domes. The domes were often in front of the mihrab and in some mosques there were three domes, not just one.

HDN

Süleymaniye Mosque.

Early Ottoman domes

Ottoman architecture was first seen in Bursa and Edirne in 14th and 15th centuries. Its architecture was based on the earlier Seljuk architecture and was heavily influenced by Iranian structures, the knowledge of which the Turks acquired on their way from Central Asia to Anatolia, and to a larger extent, by Byzantine architecture. It has been described as a synthesis of the architectural traditions of the Mediterranean and the Middle East. The mosques built by the Ottomans had prayer rooms or halls covered by domes and often the porticoes around a courtyard would have small domes.

The mosque, the prayer room of which was covered by a dome, was square and may have been adopted from the Mesopotamia area. It is by far the most frequently found type of mosque in early Ottoman Turkish architecture. The problem with domes is solving the transition from the round dome onto the square building. There are three ways of solving this: the squinch, in which the corners of the square room are filled out to form a base for the dome; the pendentive, which is a triangular segment that tapers at the bottom but spreads at the top to establish a circle needed to hold the dome; and the broken triangular surface that formed a belt just beneath the dome. The latter was an Anatolian Turkish innovation.

Ottoman domes after the conquest

Ottoman mosque architecture did not immediately change following the conquest of Constantinople. The mosques that were built immediately afterwards resembled those in Bursa, İznik and Edirne. Given the lack of mosques, the Ottomans converted a number of Byzantine churches by reorienting the direction of worship to face Mecca and added the minber and kibla. This included the Hagia Sofia.

Students of architectural history divided into two ranks. One believes that all subsequent mosques were imitations of the Hagia Sofia while the other is convinced that the Ottomans weren't affected in the least by Byzantine architecture. The truth is probably somewhere in the middle – Ottoman architects built on Byzantine architecture but used their own creativity to transform it into something as spectacular if not more so. What particularly impressed the Ottomans was the Hagia Sofia's dome.

The first grand mosque in Istanbul was that of Bayezit II in the latter part of the 15th century. It resembles and differs from the Hagia Sofia in how the dome is seated in particular the difference in noticeable in how the arches were used in the transition from the walls to the half domes. But the real change came with the appearance of Mimar Sinan in the sixteenth century. In his early mosques – Mihrimah and Zal Mahmud Paşa – he tried seating the dome directly on the porticoed exterior walls. At times he experimented with doing away with the half domes although he used them when building one of his most impressive works – Süleymaniye Mosque. Moreover, Sinan chose to use makarnas or, as they are sometimes called because of their shape, stalactites to connect the half domes to the walls.

The Selimiye Mosque is considered the most mature of Sinan's works. In it he employed all of the architectural practices that had worked successfully in his previous mosques. Here the dome rests on a circle of alternating support walls and half domes that transfer the weight to eight powerful pillars.

Sinan wrote: "Architects in Christian countries may rank themselves above Muslims in technical skill, owing to the failure of the latter to achieve anything approaching the dome of the Hagia Sofia. This assertion of insurmountable difficulty has wounded the author of these writings. However, with God's help and the Sultan's mercy, I have succeeded in building a dome for Sultan Selim's mosque which is four ells greater in diameter and six ells higher than that of the Hagia Sofia."

Today it would be unthinkable to build a mosque without a dome.

January/11/2014

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[batavia-news] kualitas air sungai mas

 

(Antara/eric ireng) Foto dari udara, air bercampur buih mengalir dari Kalimas menuju bozem Morokrembangan, Surabaya, Sabtu (11/1). Kualitas air Kalimas mengalami penurunan akibat limbah industri dan limbah rumah tangga warga yang masih membuang sampah organik dan non organik ke sungai.

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[batavia-news] Prabowo-Dahlan Vs Jokowi-JK

 

 
Sat,11 January 2014 | 17:10

Prabowo-Dahlan Vs Jokowi-JK

Ilustrasi (Int)
 

    MAKASSAR,FAJAR -- Siapa peserta pemilihan presiden 2014? Terlalu dini untuk menyebutnya saat ini. Tetapi, sejumlah hasil survei sudah memberi sedikit gambaran.

    Beberapa lembaga survei menjagokan PDIP sebagai pemenang Pemilu 2014. Posisi itu memberi garansi kepada partai berlambang banteng moncong putih untuk mengusung kandidatnya.

    PDIP hampir pasti mengusung Joko Widodo alias Jokowi. Ketua Umum PDIP, Megawati Soekarnoputri kemungkinan tidak maju lagi karena sudah tua. Elektabilitasnya juga kalah jauh dari Jokowi.

    Figur kedua adalah Prabowo Subianto. Ketua Dewan Pembina Partai Gerindra itu terus menempel Jokowi dari segi elektabilitas. Gerindra juga terus merangsek naik ke posisi ketiga di bawah PDIP dan Golkar.

    "Jika urutan parpol kurang lebih sama dengan hasil survei saat ini, maka hanya dua figur itu yang akan bertarung sebagai capres," ungkap politikus Partai Nasdem, Akbar Faizal, Jumat, 10 Januari.

    Parpol juga diprediksi akan terfokus pada dua figur itu. Jika terjadi koalisi, maka Partai Golkar, Nasdem, Hanura, dan PPP diprediksi akan bergabung dengan PDIP.

    Sementara Prabowo bakal diusung koalisi Partai Gerindra, Partai Demokrat, PKB, PKS, dan PAN. Komposisi koalisi ini masih mungkin berubah. Hasil pemilu legislatif nanti sangat berpengaruh.

    Lalu, siapa pasangan Jokowi dan Prabowo. HM Jusuf Kalla bakal jadi rebutan antara kedua tokoh ini. Saat ini, JK menjadi calon wapres terfavorit. Elektabilitasnya paling tinggi.

    JK bisa berpasangan Jokowi atau Prabowo. Maklum, JK dekat dengan kedua figur tersebut. Namun, besar kemungkinan JK akan bergabung dengan Jokowi.

    Partai Nasdem yang akan membawa JK ke sana. Dalam kampanyenya saat ini, Nasdem bertekad menjadikan JK sebagai presiden. Itu jika Nasdem menang. Jika tidak, maka posisi cawapres dinilai paling realistis.

    Jika Jokowi menggandeng JK, maka tidak ada pilihan bagi Prabowo, kecuali menggandeng Dahlan Iskan. Menteri BUMN itu memiliki elektabilitas tertinggi di antara peserta konvensi Partai Demokrat.

    Pengamat politik dari Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Alauddin, Firdaus Muhammad mengatakan, figur capres memang marak. Namun, peta politik saat ini mengindikasikan akan terjadinya head to head antara Prabowo-Jokowi.

    Pertarungan pemilihan presiden semakin menarik apabila pendamping kedua figur tersebut merupakan tokoh-tokoh yang energik. Untuk Prabowo ada beberapa nama yang muncul seperti, Anis Baswedan, Mahfud MD, dan Dahlan Iskan.

    Apabila Prabowo lebih memilih Dahlan Iskan dengan pertimbangan geopolitik, maka penantangnya adalah Jokowi-Jusuf Kalla (JK). Selain JK masih ada beberapa figur lain yang dapat digaet PDIP untuk menjadi pendamping Jokowi.

    "Isu sipil militer masih muncul. Tetapi yang lebih menarik kalau Prabowo-Dahlan Iskan dan Jokowi-JK," imbuhnya. (abg/sap)

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